Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences
Volume 41, Issue 2 , Pages 47-56 , June 2010

Liver MRI Technique: Pulse Sequences and Contrast Agents

  • Joseph Trieu, MBBS, MPH, FRANZCR

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Joseph Trieu, Department of Radiology, Concord Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2137, Australia
    • ,
  • Louis Wu, MD, CM, FRCPC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oshawa General Hospital, Lakeridge Health, Oshawa, Ontario

References 

  1. Siegelman ES. Body MRI. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005;
  2. Taouli B, Koh D. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver. Radiology. 2010;254:47–66
  3. Faria SC, Ganesan K, Mwangi I, et al. MR imaging of liver fibrosis: current state of the art. RadioGraphics. 2009;29:1615–1635
  4. Glockner JF. Hepatobiliary MRI: current concepts and controversies. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;25:681–695
  5. Martin DR, Semelka RC. Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: review of techniques and approach to common diseases. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 2005;26:116–131
  6. Semelka RC, Balci NC, Op de Beeck B, et al. Evaluation of a 10-minute comprehensive MR imaging examination of the upper abdomen. Radiology. 1999;211:189–195
  7. Yu J, Park J, Jeong E, et al. Hepatic MRI using the double-echo chemical shift phase-selective gradient-echo technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:W49–W56
  8. Mitchell DG, Kim I, Chang TS, et al. Fatty liver: chemical shift phase-difference and suppression magnetic resonance imaging techniques in animals, phantoms, and humans. Invest Radiol. 1991;26:1041–1052
  9. Merkle EM, Nelson RC. Dual gradient-echo in-phase and opposed- phase hepatic MR imaging: a useful tool for evaluating more than fatty infiltration or fatty sparing. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:1409–1418
  10. Ault GT, Wren SM, Ralls PW, et al. Selective management of hepatic adenomas. Am Surg. 1996;62:825–829
  11. Willatt JM, Hussain HK, Adusumilli S, et al. MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology. 2008;247:311–330
  12. Kanematsu M, Hoshi H, Ito K, et al. Focal hepatic lesion detection: comparison of four fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR imaging pulse sequences. Radiology. 1999;211:363–371
  13. Semelka RC, Kelekis NL, Thomasson D, et al. HASTE MR imaging: description of technique and preliminary results in the abdomen. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;6:698–699
  14. Ito K, Mitchell DG, Outwater EK, et al. Hepatic lesions: discrimination of nonsolid, benign lesions from solid, malignant lesions with heavily T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology. 1997;204:729–737
  15. Gandon Y, Deugnier Y, Aube C, et al. Detection and quantification of liver iron overload using MRI: multicentric validation. Radiology. 1998;209:294
  16. Gandon, Y. Hemochromatosis and MRI. http://www.radio.univ-rennes1.fr. Accessed August 1, 2009.
  17. Turner R, Le Bihan D, Chesnick AS. Echoplanar imaging of diffusion and perfusion. Magn Reson Med. 1991;19:247–253
  18. Nasu K, Kuroki Y, Sekiguchi R, et al. The effect of simultaneous use of respiratory triggering in diffusion-weighted imaging of the liver. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2006;5:129–136
  19. Parikh T, Drew SJ, Lee VS, et al. Focal liver lesion detection and characterization with diffusion weighted MR Imaging: comparison with standard breath-hold T2-weighted imaging. Radiology. 2008;246:812–822
  20. Bruegel M, Holzapfel K, Gaa J, et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions by ADC measurements using a respiratory triggered diffusion-weighted single-shot echo-planar MR imaging technique. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:477–485
  21. Qayyum A. Diffusion-weighted imaging in the abdomen and pelvis: concepts and applications. RadioGraphics. 2009;29:1797–1810
  22. Taouli B, Tolia AJ, Losada M, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for quantification of liver fibrosis: preliminary experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:799–806
  23. Sandrasegaran K, Akisik FM, Lin C, et al. Value of diffusion-weighted MRI for assessing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193:1556–1560
  24. Scheffler K, Lehnhardt S. Principles and applications of balanced SSFP techniques. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:2409–2418
  25. Miyazaki M, Lee VS. Nonenhanced MR Angiography. Radiology. 2008;248:20–43
  26. Muthupillai R, Lomas DJ, Rossman PJ, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography by direct visualization of propagating acoustic strain waves. Science. 1995;269:1854–1857
  27. Taouli B, Ehman RL, Reeder SB. Advanced MRI methods for assessment of chronic liver disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193:14–27
  28. Venkatesh SK, Yin M, Glockner J, et al. MR elastography of liver tumors: preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1534–1540
  29. Gandhi SN, Brown MA, Wong JG, et al. MR contrast agents for liver imaging: what, when, how. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:1621–1636
  30. Reimer P, Schneider G, Schima W. Hepatobiliary contrast agents for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development and applications. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:559–578
  31. Grazioli L, Morana G, Kirchin MA, et al. Accurate differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma at Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging: prospective study. Radiology. 2005;236:166–177
  32. Xech CJ, Herrmann KA, Reiser MF, et al. MR imaging in patients with suspected liver metastases: value of liver-specific contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2007;6:43–52
  33. Seale MK, Catalano OA, Saini S, et al. Hepatobiliary-specific MR contrast agents: role in imaging the liver and biliary tree. RadioGraphics. 2009;29:1725–1748
  34. Ferrucci JT, Stark DD. Iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging of the liver and spleen: review of the first 5 years. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155:943–950
  35. del Frate C, Bazzocchi M, Mortele KJ, et al. Detection of liver metastases: comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced and ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging examinations. Radiology. 2002;225:766–772
  36. Gandhi SN, Brown MA, Wong JG, et al. MR contrast agents for liver imaging: what, when, how. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:1621–1636
  37. Anzai Y, Prince MR, Chenevert TL, et al. MR angiography with an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide blood pool agent. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;7:209–214

PII: S1939-8654(10)00005-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jmir.2010.01.003

Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences
Volume 41, Issue 2 , Pages 47-56 , June 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution